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MEDICAL DEPARTMENT

BANDAGING

AND
SPLINTING

WAR DEPARTMENT • 1 5 JANUARY 1 944

WAR DEPARTMENT FIELD MANUAL

F M 8-50

This manual supersedes FM S-50, 11 September 1940,
including Changes No, 1, 2 October 19f3

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT

BANDAGING

AND
SPLINTING

WAR DEPARTMENT x 15 JANUARY 1944

United States Government Printing Ofite
Washington: 1944

WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington 25, D. C, 15 January 1944.

FM 8—50, Medical Department Field Manual, Bandaging and Splinting,
is published for the information and ^lidance of all concerned.

[A. G. 300.7 (2 Nov 43).]

By order of the Secretary of War:

G. C. MARSHALL,

Chief of Staff.

Official:

J. A. ULIO,

Major General^

The Adjutant GeneraL

Distribution :

D8 (lo); B8 (5);RandH (3);R8 (SH 2, M 10).
(For explanation of symbols, see FM 2 1^. )

COMTENtS

SECTION 1

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS MANUAL

Page
I

SECTION 2

BANDAGING
General ........ 2 Basic Materials

Use of Bandages 2 Types of Bandages

TRIANGULAR AND

Cravat of Head or Ear . .

Cravat of Jaw

Cravat bandage of Eye . .
Triangle of Forehead or Scalp
Triangular Arm Sling . .
Shoulder-Armpit Cravat .
Triangle of Chest or Back .
Triangle of Shoulder .
Triangle of Hip ....

5
6

7
8
10
10
1 1
12

CRAVAT BANDAGES

Cravat of Elbow
Cravat of Knee
Cravat of Leg .
Triangle of Foot
Triangle of Hand
Cravat of Palm of Hand
Folding Triangular Bandages
for Storage and Shipment

ROLLER BANDAGES

2
2
2

3
12

15
16

17
18

Roller Bandages 19

TVIaking Rollers 19

Bandage Sizes 19

Rules for Bandaging ... 19
Loose Bandages May Lose

Lives 20

Anchoring the Bandage . . 20

Fastening the Bandage ... 21

Removing the Bandage . . . 21
Recurrent Bandage of Head

With One Bandage ... 22
Recurrent Bandage of Head

With Two Bandages ... 23
Crossed Bandage of One Eye . 24
Crossed Bandage of Both Eyes 25
Bandage of Lower Jaw (Bar-
ton Bandage) .... 26
Four-Tailed Bandage of the
Nose 27

Four-Tailed Bandage of Jaw . 27

Spica of Shoulder .... 28

Figure-of-Eight of Clavicle . 29

Velpeau . 30

Figure-of-Eight of Hand . . 31

Figure-of-Eight of Forearm . 31
Spiral Reverse of Arm . . .32

Front of Elbow Bandage . . 32

Oblique Bandage 33

Spiral Bandage 33

Figure-of-Eight of Elbow . . 34

Demigauntlet 34

Gauntlet 35

Complete Bandage of Hand . 35

Finger Bandage 36

Recurrent Bandage of Stump . 37

Spica of Foot 38

Figure-of-Eight of Foot With

Heel Exposed 39

iii

PLASTER OF PARIS BANDAGE

Use 40 Application . .

Preparation 40

DRESSINGS

Page
40

General

Purposes and Uses .
Improvised Dressings

42 Other Methods of Improvisa-

42 tion '42

42 Procedure 42

SECTION 3

SPLINTING FRACTURES

Leg Splint (Army Hinged,

Half-Ring)— Step i ... 45

Leg Splint — Step 2. . . . . 46

Leg Splint — Step 3 .... 47

Leg Splint — Step 4 .... 47

Leg Splint — Step 5 .... 48

Leg Splint — Step 6 . . . . 48

Leg Splint — Step 7 . . . . 49

Leg Splint — Step 8 .... 50

Leg Splint — Step 9 . . . . 51

Leg Splint — Step 10 . . . . 52
Ankle Hitch Using Cravat or

Roller Bandage 53

Ankle Hitch Using Two Cra-
vats

Alternate Method of Securing
Splint to Litter With Roller
Bandage . 56

Wire Ladder Splint .... 57

Arm Splint (Thomas, Hinged) 58

Board Splint for Fracture of
Arm (Humerus) ....

Chest Wall as Splint for Frac-
ture of Arm (Humerus)

Basswood Splint for Fracture
of Forearm, Wrist, or Hand'.

61
62

IMPROVISED SPLINT AND SLINGS

Stick • Splint for Fracture of

Forearm or Wrist .... 63
Coat Flap Used as Sling . . 63
Shirt Tail Used as Sling . . 63
Immobilizing Head for Trans-
portation of Patient With
Broken Neck 64

Transportation of Patient With
Fractured Spine ....
Litter Securing Strap . . .

BALKAN FRAME

62
63

66
67

INDEX

This manual sufirsedis FM S-50, U September 1940, including Changes No. 1, 2 October 1943.

SECTION I

PURPOSE AND SCOPE
OF THIS MANUAL

! : .

This manual H a guide to the medical officer and noncommissioned officer
concerned with instructing medical department enlisted personnel. Its
arrangement will help the instructor organize his own presentation of sub-
ject matter. The illustrations will aid in explaining approved procedures
as these procedures are being demonstrated. As a reference, the manual
is a source of graphic information. The manual's purpose is limited, for
it is not intended to provide complete information on the care and treat-
ment of wounds and fractures. Rather, it is intended for use whenever
instruction in the various tasks pertaining to the care of casualties and
patients touches upon the application of bandages, dressings, and splints.
It cannot be too strongly emphasized that the techniques described in the
following pages require constant practice if they are to be carried out
quickly and correctly.

SECTION II
BANDAGING

GENERAL Bandaging is both a science and an art. The proper band-
age, properly applied, can aid materially in the recovery of the patient.
A carelessly or improperly applied bandage can cause discomfort to the
patient and may imperil his' life. Thus, it is important that enlisted men
of the Medical Department should become familiar with the various band-
ages and be able to apply them properly. The following pages will aid
the student and the teacher; but the art of bandaging can be mastered only
by constant practice. ^

USE OF BANDAGES Bandages are employed to hold dressings, to
secure splints, to create pressure, to immobilize (make immovable) joints
and in correcting deformity. Bandages should never be used directly over
a wound. They should only be used over a dressing.

BASIC MATERIALS Various materials, such as gauze, flannel, crino-
line, muslin, linen, rubber, and elastic webbing are employed in making
bandages. Gauze is used most frequently because it is light, soft, thin,
porous, readily adjusted, and easily applied. Flannel, being soft and elas-
tic, may be applied smoothly and evenly, and as it absorbs moisture and
maintains body heat, is very useful for certain conditions. Crinoline,
rather than ordinary gauze, is used in making plaster of paris bandages,
the mesh of the crinoline holding the plaster more satisfactorily than gauze.
Muslin is employed in making bandages because it is strong, inexpensive,
readily obtainable, and can be used more than once. For the latter reason,
muslin bandages are usually employed in bandage practice. Muslin
should be soaked in water to cause shrinkage, dried, and finally ironed to
remove wrinkles. A large piece of this material may be easily torn into
strips of the desired width. Rubber and elastic webbing are used to afford
firm support to a part. The webbing is preferable to the pure rubber
bandage. It permits the evaporation of moisture.

TYPES OF BANDAGES Bandage material is commonly made into
either a triangular bandage, a roller bandage, or a many-tailed bandage.
Triangular and cravat bandages are treated first in this section, followed
by roller bandages. Correct methods of anchoring and fastening roller
bandages are shown in figures 1 8, 19, 20, and 21.

TRIAKGULAR AND CRAVAT BANDAGES 3

Figure 1

TRIANGULAR AND CRAVAT BANDAGES The triangular band-
age, also known as the handkerchief bandage, is used for the temporary or
permanent dressing of wounds, fractures, dislocations, etc., and for slings.
It is very valuable in first-aid work since it is quickly and easily applied,
stays on well, and can be improvised from any kind of cloth, such as a piece
of a shirt, an old sheet, a large handkerchief, etc. Unbleached muslin is
generally used in making triangular bandages, although linen, wool, silk,
etc., will answer the purpose. In making triangular bandages a square of
material about 3 by 3 feet, or slightly more, is folded diagonally to make
one bandage or may be cut along the fold to make two bandages. The
long side of the triangle is called the "base," the point opposite the base is
called the "apex", and the points at each end of the base are called the
"ends" or "extremities." These bandages may be used either as a triangle
or as a cravat, the latter being made from the triangle by bringing the apex
to the base and folding it upon itself a sufficient number of times to obtain
the width desired (fig. I ) . The names of the -various triangular and cravat
bandages indicate the part of the body to which the bandage is applied.
In many of the illustrations of bandages used in this manual, the dressings
have been omitted for the sake of clarity.

CRAVAT OF HEAD OR EAR

CRAVAT OF JAW

CRAVAT OF JAW (Mento-vertico-occipital
cravat) (fig. 3) Used to retain dressings on
the chin, cheeks, and scalp, and as a tempo-
rary dressing to secure fixation of the parts in
a fracture or dislocation of the jaw.

(a) After making triangle into cravat of
proper width, place under chin so that one
end is longer than other. Carry ends upward
in front of ears.

(b) Bring longer end over top of skull.
Cross both ends on side of head. Ends should
now be of equal length.

(c) and (d) Pass ends around head in oppo-
site directions and tie with square knot in
front of other ear, and on primary turn of
cravat.

CRAVAT BANDAGE OP EYE

ipure 4

CRAVAT BANDAGE OF EYE
(fig. 4) Used for retention of
dressing over eye (two cravats
necessary) .

(a) Lay center of first cravat over
top of head with front end falling,
over uninjured eye.

[b) and (c) Bring second cravat
around head and over injured eye,
tying in front and over 'loose ends
of first cravat.

[d) Bring ends of first cravat back
over top of head, tying there and
pulling first cravat up and away
from uninjured eye.

TRIANGLE OF FOREHEAD OR SCALP

Figure 5

TRIANGLE OF FOREHEAD
OR SCALP (fronto-occipital)
(fig. 5) Used to retain dressings
on the forehead or scalp.

(a) Place middle of base of trian-
gle so that edge is just above eye-
brows and bring apex backward,
allowing it to drop over back of
head (occiput) .

(6) Bring ends of triangle around
to back of head, above ears, and
cross them over apex at occiput.

(d) Turn up apex of bandage to-
ward top of head. Pin with safe-
ty pin or tuck in behind crossed
part of bandage.

TRIANGULAR ARM SLING

Figure 6

TRIANGULAR ARM SLING (brachio-cervical triangle) (fig. 6) Used
for fractures or injuries of hand, wrist, and forearm.

(a) Arm to be put in sling should first be bent at elbow so that little finger
is about a hand's breadth above level of elbow. Drop one end of triangle
over shoulder on injured side and let bandage hang down over chest with
base toward hand and apex toward elbow. Slip bandage between body
and arm. Carry lower end up over shoulder on injured side. Tie the two
ends, by square knot, at back of neCk. Knot should be on either side of
neck, not in middle, where it could cause discomfort when patient is lying
on back. Draw apex of bandage toward elbow until snug, bring it around
elbow to front, and fasten with safety pin or adhesive tape. An alternative
is to secure apex with a knot as shown in center figure above. Another

TRIANGULAR ARM SLING {Cont.)

Figure 6

version of this sling is frequently used where it is desirable to support the
forearm, without pressure on the collarbone or shoulder of the injured side.

(b) Start as in (a) .

(c) and (if) Pass lower end of bandage Mnifer injured shoulder. Ends of
fingers should extend slightly beyond base of triangle.

(e) Tie ends. Secure apex to sling at elbow by tucking in or with safety
pin.

10 SHOULDER-ARMPIT CRAVAT . . TRIANGLE OF CHEST OR BACK

SHOULDER- ARMPIT CRAVAT (bis-axillary) (fig. 7) Used to hold
dressings in the irmpit (axilla) or on the shoulder,
(a) Place middle of cravat in armpit over dressing,
(fc) Garry ends upward and over top of shoulder.

TRIANGLE oip CHEST OR BACK (fig. 8) Used to retain dressings
on burns or wounds.

{a) Drop apex of triangle over shoulder on injured side. Bring bandage
down over chest (or back) to cover dressing and so that middle of base of
bandage is direcily below injury. Turn up a cuff at base.

(fc) Carry ends around body and tie in square knot.

Figure 8

TRIANGLE OF SHOULDER

Figure 9

TRIANGLE OF SHOULDER (fig. 9)
Used to retain dressings on shoulder. Re-
quires two bandages, one a triangle, and the
other a cravat.

(a) Place center of cravat at base of neck on
injured side, and tie just forward of opposite
armpit.

(b) Place apex of open triangle under cravat
at base of neck and over dressing on injured
shoulder and upper arm.

{d) Cross ends of base and tie around arm;
secure apex to cravat at neck by tucking in or
with safety pin.

12 TRIANGLE OF HIP ... . CRAVAT OF ELBOW

Figure 10

TRIANGLE OF HIP (fig. lo) Used to retain dressings on the buttock
or hip. Requires two bandages, one a triangle, and the other a cravat.

(a) Fasten cravat around waist.

{b) Place base of triangle under buttock (gluteo-femoral fold), and apex
under cravat at waist. Fold base upward to form cuff. Carry ends of base
around thigh and tie with square knot.

(c) Fasten apex to waist cravat with safety pin or by tucking under.
CRAVAT OF ELBOW (fig. 1 1 ) Used to retain dressings around elbow.

( a ) Place center of cravat under elbow.

(b) Bring ends across each other, top end continuing up arm, and bottom
end down forearm.

CRAVAT OF KNEE

CRAVAT OF KNEE (fig. 12) Used to retain dressings around knee.

(a) Place center of cravat over center of knee.

(b) Bring ends down each side of knee and cross underneath, with de-
scending turns down calf, and ascending turns up thigh.

CRAVAT OF LEG

Figure 13

CRAVAT OF LEG (fig. 13)
Used to retain dressings on leg.

(a) Place center of cravat at cen-
ter of calf, with ends forward and
up, assuming wound is at about
middle of leg.

(b) Cross ends in front, and com-
mense ascending turns with upper
end, and descending turns with
lower end.

(e) Terminate by tying both ends
over cravat.

TRIANGLE OF FOOT

Figure 14

TRIANGLE OF FOOT (fig. 14) Used to retain dressings of consider-
able size on the foot.

(a) Center foot upOn bandage at right angles to base. Heel should be
well forward.

(b) Carry apex of triangle over toes, and cover back of foot to ankle.

{d) Cross each half of bandage toward opposite sides of ankle. Bring
ends of triangle around ankle. Tie ends in square knots.

TRIANGLE OF HAND

Figure 15

TRIANGLE OF HAND (fig. 15)
Used to retain dressings of consid-
erable size on the hand.

(a) Place middle of base of trian-
gle well up on palmar surface of
wrist.

{b) Carry apex around ends of
fingers and cover back (dorsum)
of hand to wrist.

{d) Cross each half of bandage
toward opposite sides of wrist.

{e) Bring ends of triangle around
wrist.

(/) Tie ends in square knot.

CRAVAT OF PALM OF HAND

CRAVAT OF PALM OF HAND (fig. i6) Used to retain dressing on
palm.

(a) Lay center of cravat over center of palm with ends down each side.

(b) Bring first end (at left) under back of hand, over palm, and through
hollow between thumb and palm.

(c) Bring second end (at right) under back of hand, across base of thumb,
and diagonally across palm to base of little finger.

(d) and (e) Cross both ends under back of hand, continue procedure,
ends .crossing first in back of hand and then in front of palm.

(/) Tie in front of wrist.

(a) Bandage unfolded.

Figure 17

{by Fold once left to right.

(d) Fold apex down to form square.

(e) Fold in half, right to left.

(/) Fold down through center.

ROLLER BANDAGES

ROLLER BANDAGES The roller bandage is made from gauze, flan-
nel, muslin, linen, rubber, or elastic webbing, the width and length depend-
ing upon the part to be bandaged. For convenience and ease of applica-
tion, the strip of material is rolled into the form of a cylinder. Each band-
age of this type should consist of only one piece, free from wrinkles, seams,
selvage, and any imperfections that may cause discomfort to the patient.

MAKING ROLLERS Although there are various types of mechanical
appliances used to wind bandages, it is essential that enlisted men be able
to roll a bandage by hand. The strip of bandage material is first folded
over at one end several times to form a small, firm cylinder. This is then
held by its ends with the index finger and thumb of the left hand. As the
cylinder is slowly revolved by the left hand, the index finger and thumb of
the right hand are used to guide the free end over the cylinder to secure
sufficient tension and insure a firm roll.

BANDAGE SIZES The length' and width of bandages vary according
to the purposes for which they are employed. The sizes most frequently
used are 2 inches wide, 6 yards long, for the hand, finger, toe, and head
bandages," 3 inches wide, 10 yards long, for extremities; 4 inches wide, 10
yards long, for thigh, groin, and trunk.

RULES FOR BANDAGING Certain fundamental rules should be fol-
lowed in bandaging. These rules are the result of bandaging experience
over the years and following them will result in bandages that are properly
applied and securely fastened. When a roller bandage is being applied,
the roll should be held in the right hand so that the loose end is on the bot-
tom; the outside surface of the loose or initial end is next applied to and
held on the part by the left hand; the roll is then passed around the part
by the right hand which controls the tension and application of the band-
age. Two or three of the initial turns of a roller bandage should overlie
each other to secure the bandage and keep it in place. In applying the
turns of the bandage, it is often necessary to transfer the roll from one hand
to the other. Bandages should be applied evenly, firmly, and not too
tightly. Excessive pressure may cause interference with the circulation
and may lead to disastrous consequences. In bandaging an arm or leg it
is therefore advisable to leave the fingers or toes exposed in order that the
circulation of these parts may be readily observed. It is likewise safer to
apply a large number of turns of a bandage rather than to depend upon a
few too firmly applied turns to secure a splint or dressing. This is partic-
ularly important in applying a wet bandage, or one that may become wet
when holding a wet dressing in place. Shrinkage will tighten up a bandage

ROLLER BANDAGES {Cont.)

Figure 18

unduly unless sufficient room is left. The turns of a bandage should com-
pletely cover the skin, as any uncovered areas of skin may become pinched
between the turns with resultant discomfort. Bandages should be applied
in such a manner that skin surfaces are not brought in contact, as perspira-
tion will cause chafing and irritation. In bandaging an extremity, it is
advisable to include the whole member (arm and hand, leg and foot) , ex-
cept the fingers and toes, in order that uniform pressure may be maintained
throughout. It is also desirable when a limb is being bandaged that the
part be placed in the position it will occupy when the dressing is finally
completed, as bending will cause changes in the pressure of certain parts
of the bandage.

LOOSE BANDAGES MAY LOSE LIVES If bandages become un-
fastened, wounds may , bleed, they may become further infected, and
broken bones may become further displaced. Before leaving a patient
make doubly certain that all ends are well secured.

ANCHORING THE BANDAGE Always apply initial turns securely,
and when possible, around the part of the limb with the smallest circum-
ference. The wrist and the part immediately above the ankle are pre-
ferred for anchoring appropriate bandages. The usual anchors consist of

Figure 19

ROLLER BANDAGES {Cont.)

Figure 20

several circular turns overlying each other. A secure wrist anchor is illus-
trated (fig. 1 8) . Ankle anchors follow the same principles. The bandage
end is laid semidiagonally across top of wrist and then brought under
wrist, back to starting point. Uncovered triangle of end is bent back over
second turn and covered by third turn, completing the anchor.

FASTENING THE BANDAGE Terminate all bandages securely. This
is usually done with several overlying circujar turns and with ends fastened
by tying, safety pins, or adhesive tape. Two methods of tying ends are
illustrated. In one (fig. 19) the end of the bandage is split lengthwise for
a proper distance and a simple knot tied at the end of the tear. The split
ends are then brought around in opposite directions and tied. In the other
(fig. 20) the end is simply bent back with a circular turn in the opposite
direction, forming two ends which can be tied. The square knot illus-
trated (fig. 21) is the best knot for tying purposes. It will not slip when
pulled from either side, and is easily unfastened.

REMOVING THE BANDAGE Bandage scissors are preferable when
bandage is removed by cutting. Interference with underlying dressing
and affected area should be carefully avoided. Folds should be gathered
up when bandage is merely unwound.

Figure 21

RECURRENT BANDAGE OF HEAD WITH ONE BANDAGE

Figure 22

RECURRENT BANDAGE OF HEAD WITH ONE BANDAGE (fig.
22) Used to retain scalp dressings.

(a) Anchor bandage with several turns ending up behind head. At this
point bend back bandage, with assistant or patient holding bend in place
with two fingers.

(b) Continue bandage over top of head to front of forehead. Bend back
bandage at this point and hold it there with free hand. Carry bandage
back to point held by assistant at rear of head.

(c) Continue procedure, until entire head is covered, turns alternating to
the left and right of the center line, each turn overlying the outer half
of the preceding turn.

{d) Terminate with several circular turns around head, covering the ends
of the turns at the forehead and back of head. Tie on uninjured side.

RECURRENT BANDAGE OF HEAD WITH TWO BANDAGES

Figure 23

RECURRENT BANDAGE OF HEAD WITH TWO BANDAGES
(fig. 23) Used to retain dressings on scalp wounds when assistant is not
available.

[a) Tie two bandages together with square knot.

{b) Place knot at back of head and bring both rolls forward above ears.
[c) Cross bandages at center of forehead, bringing roll No. i upwards
over center of scalp.

{d) Bring roll No. i over top of head to nape of neck and roll No. 2 .
around head, over other bandage and around to starting point,
(e) Bring roll No. i from nape of neck over top of head to forehead.
(/) Bring roll No. 2 over folds of roll No. i at forehead juncture, and con-
tinue around head to back. Bring roll No. i back over top of head and
repeat procedure, alternating to the left and right of the middle line, each
turn overlying the outer half of the preceding turn.
[g) and {h) Cover head, bring both rolls to rear with several circular
turns around head, and terminate.

CROSSED BANDAGE OF ONE EYE

Figure 24

CROSSED BANDAGE OF ONE
EYE (fig. 24) Used to retain dress-
ings ot the eye.

(a) Anchor bandage with circular
turn around head, then bring diago-
nally down across back of head.

(b) Then under ear on side of injured
eye and diagonally up acros? cheek-
bone to bridge of nose, joining primary
turn.

(d) Repeat procedure, each turn
overlapping the upper two-thirds of
preceding turn until eye is covered.

(e) Terminate with circular turns
around head.

CROSSED BANDAGE OF BOTH EVES

CROSSED BANDAGE OF BOTH EYES (fig. 25) Used to retain
dressings of both eyes.

(a) Anchor bandage with circular turn around head.
[h) Continue diagonally down across back of head, under ear, and diag-
onally up across bone and bridge of nose, joining primary turn.*

[c) Continue around head to forehead, then diagonally down across
bridge of nose and cheek to point below other ear,

[d) and {e) Repeat procedure, each circular turn covering its predeces-
sor, and each diagonal turn overlying upper one-half of two-thirds
preceding turn.

(/) Continue until eyes are covfered, and terminate with circular turns
around head.

Figure 25

BANDAGE OF LOWER JAW (BARTON BANDAGE)

BANDAGE OF tOWER JAW (BARTON BANDAGE) (fig. 26.) Used
for fracture of lower jaw; also to retain dressings of chin.

(a) Start bandage behind ear; then bring back of head and diagonally
up to crown.

(b) Continue across top of head, downward in front of ear, under chin
and upward in front of other ear to top of head.

(d) Then around nape of neck and side of jaw.

(e) Then around chin and other side of jaw to nape of neck, repeating
the procedure as many times as necessary.

(/) Repeat procedure overlapping one-third of each underlying layer of
bandage, until satisfactory support is obtained.

FOUR-TAILED BANDAGES OF NOSE OR JAW

Figure 27

FOUR-TAILED BANDAGE OF THE NOSE (fig. 27) Used for
holding dressing around nose.

(a) Bandage of desired length and width is split lengthwise from each
end, to points within few inches of the center of the strip.

{b) Top of center is placed, over nose, with two ends under ears and
around nape of neck where they are tied.

(c) Bottom of center piece is placed under nose with other two ends car-
ried above ears to upper back where they are tied.

FOUR-TAILED BANDAGE OF THE JAW (fig. 28) Used for holding
dressing on chin or jaw.

(a) Bandage of desired length and width is split lengthwise from each
end, to points within few inches of center of strip. Center is placed on
chin, with two ends along jawbone and tied at nape of neck.

(b) Balance of center is folded under chin, with two ends upward across
face in front of ears, terminating on top of head.

Figure 28

SPICA OF SHOULDER

Figure 29

SPICA OF SHOULDER (fig.
29) Used to retain dressings of
shoulder and armpit, and dress-
ings of shoulder cap.

{a) and {b) Anchor by two cir-
cular turns around upper arm on
injured side; carry across back to
armpit of opposite side; then
across chest semidiagonally to top
of primary turns.

{d) Repeat procedure, each turn
overlying about two-thirds of
preceding turn.

(e) Continue until entire shoul-
der is covered. Turns should
cross in a straight line extending
up the center line of arm over
point of shoulder.

FIGURE-OF-EIGHT OF CLAVICLE

Figure 30

FIGURE-OF-EIGHT OF CLAVICLE (fig. 30) Used to hold shoul-
ders back in fracture of collarbone. Lay end of bandage across shoulder
blades, then carry under armpit, over shoulder, across over back, under
opposite armpit, over shoulder, and repeat until shoulders are drawn back
securely. Tie over one shoulder blade.

Figure 29

VELPEAU

VELPEAU (fig. 31 ) Used for holding arm
in fixed position (fixation) in treatment of
fractured collarbone (clavicle) ; also for hold-
ing bone of upper arm (humerus) in fixed
position after dislocated arm is put back in
place (reduction) .

(a) Place fingers of affected side upon oppo-
site shoulder, with pad in armpit and skin
surfaces separated by sheet wadding. Bring
bandage from waist over affected shoulder.

(b) Continue down across outer part of af-
fected shoulder and upper arm, then under
and around waist front.

(d) , and (e) Circle waist over bent elbow, and bring diagonally up across
back.

(/) Continue- as in (b) each turn ascending and overlapping two-thirds
of preceding turn.

(g) Terminate with circular turns over arm, forearm, and chest.

FIGURE-OF-EIGHT OF HAND AND FOREARM

FIGURE-OF-EIGHT OF HAND (fig. 32) Used to retain dressings
on' back of hand or in palm.

(a) Anchor bandage on hand; carry diagonally across back of hand to
thumb; then across palm to back of hand.

{b) Carry diagonally across back of hand to bottom of primary turn and
across palm. '

(c) Follow with several similar turns, each one overlying about two-
thirds of preceding turn on back of hand. After sufficient turns, terminate
with circular turns around wrist.

FIGURE-OF-EIGHT OF FOREARM (fig. 33) Used to retain dress-
ings and for covering splints on forearm. This may start as continuation
of figure-of-eight of hand, or with primary circular turns of wrist. (Illus-
tration shows continuation of figure-of-eight of hand.) Carry spirally
upward around forearm. Apply circular turn just below elbow. Then
carry spirally downward around forearm forming X with upward turn.
Repeat procedure, each turn overlapping one-half or two-thirds of preced-
ing turn. When fprearm is covered, terminate below elbow.

SPIRAL REVERSE OF ARM .... FRONT OF ELBOW

SPIRAL REVERSE OF ARM (fig. 34) Used to retain dressings and
cover splints. It is a modification of the figure-of-eight, in that only the
lower loop or one-half of the figure-of-eight is completed.
(a) Anchor at wrist with primary turns in usual way (see fig. 18), then
bring bandage diagonally back of forearm to point just below elbow and
make circular turn.

{b) Bring diagonally downward to wrist, and circle wrist. These turns
hold the dressing while the spiral reverse is being applied. Then start the
bandage diagonally upward again.

(d) and {e) Continue around arm and repeat procedure until arm is
covered. Each turn must overlie about two-thirds of preceding turn and
reverses must be in a straight line.

(/) Terminate with circular turns and tie.

FRONT OF ELBOW BANDAGE (ante-
cubital fossa) (fig. 35) Used to retain
dressings on the triangular hollow in front of
the elbow joint. Unlike the figure-of-eight
of the elbow, this bandage leaves back of
elbow exposed. It allows movement of joint
without disturbing dressing. Anchor band-
age with circular turns around forearm just
below elbow; then carry diagonally upward
over hollow of elbow and circle arm just
above elbow. Carry diagonally downward
across hollow and pass around forearm; re-
peat procedure with each turn on forearm
overlying preceding turn by two-thirds and
each turn on upper arm remaining circular.

Figure 35

OBLIQUE BANDAGE . . . SPIRAL BANDAGE

Figure 36

OBLIQUE BANDAGE (fig. 36) Used for retention of thick dressings
or of temporary dressings which require frequent removal. Can be used
on other parts besides arm. After securing first two turns above wrist,
apply a series of spiral turns around arm so as to leave the uncovered area,
between turns, equal.

SPIRAL BANDAGE (fig. 37) Used to retain dressings and compresses
on the arm, leg, chest, or abdomen. Illustration shows spiral bandage
of the arm. Anchor at wrist. Apply succeeding turns in a spiral direc-
tion, with each, turn overlying one-third of preceding turn. Terminate
and secure just below elbow.

Figure 37

FIGURE-OF-EIGHT OF ELBOW . . DEMIGAUNTLET

FIGURE-OF-EIGHT OF ELBOW (fig.
38) Used to retain dressings on the front
part of elbow.

(a) Anchor with circular turns just above
elbow.

(b) Carry bandage diagonally downward
across front part of elbow; then circle fore-
arm just below elbow to anchor, then back
upward diagonally across inner part of elbow
to primary circle.

(c) and (d) Repeat procedure until inner
part of elbow is covered, each turn overlying
preceding turn by two- thirds; terminate at
starting point.

Figure 39 DEMIGAUNTLET (fig. 39) Used to re-

tain dressings on back of hand, with palm
and fingers exposed.

(a) Anchor with primary turns at wrist;
bring bandage down back of hand to space
between fourth and little finger; then around
base of littie finger and across back of hand
to wrist.

' (6), (c), (d) , and (e) Circle wrist and re-
peat on other fingers.
(/) Terminate at wrist.

GAUNTLET . . COMPLETE BANDAGE OF HAND

GAUNTLET (fig. 40) Used to retain dress-
ings on back of hand.

(a) Anchor with primary turns at wrist;
bring bandage back of hand to space be-
tween fourth and little finger; then spirally
down little finger.

(b) Bring bandage up little finger with spi-
ral; then across back of hand to wrist.
Repeat procedure with each finger.

Figure 40

COMPLETE BANDAGE OF HAND (fig.
41) Used to retain dressings on the hand.
Make certain gauze dressing is placed be-
tween each injured finger and on other
wounds of hand.

(a) Anchor at wrist, then bend back and
bring over back of hand to tip of forefinger.
{b) Continue over front of finger and palm
to wrist, repeating procedure four or five
times, covering all fingers except thumb.
(Hold folds at wrist until next step.)
(c) Circle around folds at wrist to secure
them.

{d) Then bring bandage diagonally across

back of hand to tip of fingers.

{e) Make circular turn around ends of

fingers.

(/) Continue with figure-of-eight.

{g) Terminate with several circular turns

around wrist.

Figure 41

FINGER BANDAGE

Figure 42

FINGER BANDAGE (fig. 42)
Used for holding dressing on
finger.

(a) Anchor bandage at wrist;
bring over back of hand and
make one complete turn at base
of injured finger over dressing.

(b) Make spiral turn to tip of
finger, to hold dressing while ap-
plying bandage.

(d) Then make recurrent band-
age similar to that used for
stump. (See fig. 43.)

(e) Tie securely after circular,
turns around wrist.

RECURRENT BANDAGE OF STUMP

figure to

RECURRENT BANDAGE OF STUMP (fig. 43). Used to hold dress-
ing around stump of arm, of leg, or around finger. Anchor bandage
below knee with circular turns of bandage (not illustrated).

(a) Hold dressing in place with loose spiral turns down and up stump,
securing spirals with circular turn at knee. '

(i>) Fold bandage at right angles at knee and carry over outer half of
stump, down and then under stump.

{c) and {d) Continue bandage back to knee, reverse, and carry over
stump again, now covering inner half.

{e) Repeat procedure, now covering middle of stump. It is advisable
to place several additional turns over stump in manner described above.

(/) Carry several turns around base of folds to secure them in place.

{g) Cover loops with spiral to end of stump.

(A) Complete bandage with figure-of-eight, progressing from end of
stump to knee. Terminate with circular turns just below knee.

SPICA OF FOOT

Figure 44

SPICA OF FOOT (fig. 44) . Used to retain dressings on foot, and for
support of sprained ankle.

(a) Anchor around base of toes; carry diagonally across instep, around
heel.

(b) Continue diagonally across preceding turn to base of large toe.

(c) and (d) Repeat procedure, turns gradually ascending on both foot
and heel, crossings being at a straight line along middle of instep. Ter-
minate above ankle.

FIGURE-OF-EIGHT OF FOOT WITH HEEL EXPOSED

Figure 45

FIGURE-OF-EIGHT OF FOOT WITH HEEL EXPOSED (fig. 45).
Used to retain dressings on foot.

(a) Anchor just above ankle; bring bandage diagonally across instep to

base of large toe, with turn around base of toes.

(fc) Continue diagonally across instep to point of beginning.

{c) Repeat procedure, leaving heel exposed, with turns ascending until

arch and instep are covered. Terminate at starting point.

PLASTER OF PARIS BANDAGE

USE These bandages are used for the fixa-
tion and treatment of fractures as well as for
fixation and treatment of injuries and diseases
of joints. The bandages are prepared by
impregnating the meshes of crinoline gauze
with plaster of paris, as illustrated.
PREPARATION (fig. 46)
(a) Crinoline is torn in the desired width and
loose threads are pulled from each side.
{b) Roll crinoline strip loosely on dpwel stick
or similar piece of wood.

(c) Unroll about 3 feet of crinoline- on flat
surface; work plaster of paris gently into
mesh with palm of hand, spatula, tongue-
stick, etc., and roll loosely on another dowel
stick. Repeat process with next 3 feet of
bandage and continue until entire bandage
is impregnated with plaster. Remove stick.
If not used immediately, bandage should be
wrapped in waterproof paper, if available,
or other paper. Store in a dry place, lying
flat.

{d) Plaster of paris bandages can also be quickly and satisfactorily made
by using a box 10 inches long, 5 inches wide and 3 inches deep, with top
and bottom removed. A small slot approximately "/^ -inch to ^-inch
deep and 5 inches long is cut from the bottom of the two narrow sides
of the box. The box is then placed on a flat surface and end of band-
age is introduced througH the slot and passed through other slot for dis-
tance of about I inch. Then plaster of paris is placed in box to about
one-half its depth. When the protruding end of the bandage is with-
drawn from the slot it will be impregnated with a smooth layer of plaster
of paris. The depth of the layer will depend upon the height of the
slot. The bandage is then rolled on a dowel stick or similar piece of
wood and process repeated until entire bandage has passed through box
of plaster of paris. Stick should be removed and bandage wrapped in
waterproof paper if not to be used immediately.

Figure 46

PLASTER OF PARIS BANDAGE (Cont.)

APPLICATION (fig. 47)

(a) The part to be encased should first be covered with a suitable bandage
of soft material, preferably cotton felt, or sheet wadding. Bony promi-
nences should be well protected with cotton or felt. Care should be taken
to remove all creases in these dressings and bandages.

(b) Two rolls of the plaster bandage are then placed in lukewarm water.
When bubbles cease to rise, one roll is removed, and the excess water re-
moved by grasping the roll at its two ends and pressing towards the center
with the hands. This prevents the loss of a considerable amount of plas-
ter through the ends of the rolls. (As soon as bandage is removed from
the water replace with another bandage.)

(c) The plaster bandage should be applied rapidly and evenly to the limb.
Additional bandages are applied as soon as the first has been completed.

{d) During the application, the bandage should be gently rubbed with
the hands in order to provide a smooth even surface. The bandage should
not be twisted and each turn should conform to the limb without tension.
In changing direction of bandage it should be tucked or cut and started,
again. When the final roll has been applied, the surface of the com-
pleted cast should be rubbed evenly with liquid plaster prepared by addi-
tion of water to dry plaster until it has the consistency of thick cream.
In all recent injury cases that are to be evacuated the plaster casts should
be split on both sides (completely bivalved) . Removal of a plaster of
paris cast may be accomplished with the aid of a plaster of paris shears.
If none is available, the plaster may be softened with a small amount of
peroxide of hydrogen, hydrochloric acid or vinegar, and then cut with a
knife.

DRESSINGS

GENERAL A dressing or compress is the name given to any material
that is applied directly over a wound. The material most commonly used
is gauze, although cotton wrapped in gauze is sometimes used. Gauze is
better than cotton as it is more absorbent, and allows for more circula-
tion of air. Do not put cotton directly over a wound. It sticks and is very
hard to remove.

PURPOSES AND USES:

To cover wound and protect from bacteria.

To control bleeding.

To apply medication.

To absorb excessive moisture.

To increase temperature around wound.

Since a dressing is for use directly over an open wound, it must not only be
clean in the ordinary sense, but it must also contain no germs, i. e., it must
be sterile. In handling all dressings remember that the surface to be ap-
plied to the wound must not come in contact with the fingers or any sub-
stance that is not sterile. Be careful, in applying the dressing to the
wound, not to drag it across the dirty skin around the wound nor to allow
it to slip about over the skin away from the wound.

IMPROVISED DRESSINGS When sterile dressings are not available,
freshly laundered handkerchiefs, towels, or similar cloths may be used
in emergencies. These should be carefully unfolded and a part that has
not been touched placed next to the wound. Lacking this, take the cleanest
cloth available and kill the germs by scorching with a hot iron, or over a
flame. The small amount of carbon which may collect on the cloth dur-
ing this operation contains no germs and is not sufficient in amount to do
any harm.

OTHER METHODS OF IMPROVISATION Boil a piece of cloth in
a tin can full of water for lo minutes; soak a piece of cloth (i. e., shirt tail)
in alcohol. When a patient can be brought under the care of a medical
officer in the near future, the procedure necessary in the first-aid treat-
ment of ordinary wounds is to stop the bleeding, treat the shock, and
apply a sterile dressing t0_^the wound. If a medical officer is not available,
the wound must be further treated as described below.

PROCEDURE In treating a freshly made wound, the following pro-
cedure is recommended if facilities are available :

i. Cleanse the hands as thoroughly as possible by a thorough scrub-
bing with soap and hot water, followed, if possible, by immersion in hot
1—2000 bichloride of mercury solution and then 70 percent alcohol.

DRESSINGS (Cont.)

Figure 48

2. If bleeding exists, control it. If any instruments are used to effect
control of bleeding, they should first be sterilized by immersion in a steriliz-
ing solution such as 70 percent alcohol.

3. Sterilize all instruments to be used in removing foreign bodies such
as dirt, glass, splinters, etc., from the wound.

4. Sprinkle sulfanilamide powder' liberally on the wound and over
surrounding skin.

5. Cover the wound with a sterile dressing if one is available, and band-
age. The first-aid packet, Carlisle model, is an excellent dressing (fig. 48) .

(a) Open packet and remove dressing, the fingers grasping the extreme
edges of the dressing so as to prevent contamination. •

(b) Open dressing carefully, with the printed side up.

(d) Secure.

6. There is no substance which should be used by the first-aid man to
wash a wound ; more dirt is washed in than out, and ordinary water is dan-
gerous since it is not sterile. Strong antiseptics, such as bichloride of mer-
cury or phenol, will destroy the cells of the body which dispose of the pus
bacteria before they kill the latter. Peroxide of hydrogen is not strong
enough to kill all bacteria and in large or deep wounds it washes some of
these bacteria to uninfected parts which then become infected.

7. Very dirty or greasy wounds are best cleansed by a medical officer
only. However, if a medical officer is not available, the medical department
soldier can cleanse a wound by the liberal use of soap and water. Oil
and grease can be removed from a wound by gently cleansing with a piece
of absorbent cotton wet with gasoline, benzine, or ether.

SECTION III
SPLINTrnG FRACTURES

Broken bones (fractures) can cause total disability or death. On the other
hand they can often be repaired so that the patient completely recovers
from his injury. A great deal depends upon the treatment he receiv£{s
before being moved. This treatment usually requires the use of splints.
Fixing the fragments of a broken bone prevents the jagged edges of the
bone from tearing blood vessels and nerves. In simple fractures (one in
which there is no communication between the outside of the skin and the
fracture) proper application of a splint will prevent the bone from pierq-
ing the skin and thus produce a compound fracture. If the fracture js
cornpbund, splinting will prevent further injury to the wound and the
introduction of more infection. In addition, proper splinting greatly re-
lieves the pain of a fracture and will reduce and sometimes actually pre-
vent shock. Remember, all fractures of long bones should be splinted
"where they lie" before movement or transportation of any kind is at-
tempted. The following pages illustrate the correct methods of applying
various splints. Procedures are not simple. They require constant prac-
tice and careful attention to detail. But their importance cannot be over-
emphasized. ;

LEG SPLINT {Army Hinged, Half-Ring)

STEP 1 45

Figure 49

APPLICATION OF ARMY
HINGED, HALF-RING LEG
SPLINT Done in lo steps.

*STEP I.— DRESS LITTER

(fig- 49)-

(a) Litter open.

(i>) Place first blanket in position.

(d) Fold second blanket on oppo-
site side of litter in same manner
as first blanket.

(e) Fold back on self to over-
hang one-third on opposite side.

(/) End view — shows four blan-
ket folds on which patient is
placed.

(g) Shows carrying strap secured
to handles of litter.

*The application of the Army
hinged, half-ring leg splint, as here out-
lined, is' done in lO steps for the pur-
pose of clarity in instruction. How-
ever, it should be borne in mind that
the operation of splinting is a con-
tinuous procedure in which all men
concerned with splinting the patient
are constantly occupied with applica-
tion of the splint or the treatment of
the wounded patient.

LEG SPLINT . . STEP 2

Figure 50

STEP 2.— APPLY TRACTION STRAP-
INITIATE TRACTION (fig. 50) This
step may be done simultaneously with step 3.
See comment step 3.

(a) Traction strap.

(b) Traction strap applied over shoe.

(e) No. I man has already placed splint
alongside injured leg with the ring near the
hip, and with the buckle on the outside. Il-
lustrations show procedure where right leg
is injured. No. 2 man passes hand through
rods grasping heel with that hand, and instep
with other hand. No. 2 man then pulls on
foot (exerts traction) and while doing so
raises it several inches from the ground.
No. I man then slips splint under leg, with the
buckle and long rod to the outside, and No. 3
man supports leg while it is being pulled and
raised. When this is done. No. i man dresses
wound.

LEG SPLINT . . STEPS 3 AND 4

STEP 3 —DRESS WOUND* If wound has not already been dressed it
is done at this point. If already dressed the dressing is adjusted. Steps
No. 2 and No. 3 may be done simultaneously by different members of the
team.

•It is presumed that prior to application of the splint the patient will have
received first aid, such as control of bleeding, temporary, dressing of wound, and
administration of morphine.

Figure 51

STEP 4.— APPLY SPLINT AND SECURE TRACTION STRAP
(fig- 50

(a) No. 1 man eases splint up under patient's hip, bending padded half-
ring to a right angle. (Make certain this sets against bone in buttock —
tuberosity of the ischium.) Then No. i man fastens strap securely at up-
per thigh. (It is advisable to use padding under strap.) No. 2 man con-
tinues pulling on leg, and No. 3 man continues to support limb. (Long
rod of splint should always be on outside.)

[b) Long free end of traction strap is brought down over notched end of
splint by No. 1 man, and then brought back and passed through link
at swivel. Nos. 2 and 3 continue as in preceding illustration.

[d) Strap securely fastened to splint.

LEG SPLINT . . STEPS 5 AND 6

STEP 5.— SECURE SPLINT
SUPPORT(fig.52) Splint sup-
port placed in position behind heel
by No. I man. Nos. 2 and 3 con-
tinue to maintain traction and
support limb.

Figure 52

STEP 6.— SUPPORT LEG (fig. 53)

(a) (b) and (c) Diagram showing proper method of supporting with
triangular bandages. Shaded areas indicate position of limb.
(d) Five triangular bandages in place supporting injured limb. See
opposite page.

When leg is supported, Nos. 2 and 3 men release their traction and sup-
port respectively.

Figure 53

LEG SPLINT . . . STEP 6 {Cont.) AND STEP 7

Figure 53

STEP 7.— PLACE FOOTREST IN POSITION AND SECURE FOOT
(fig. 54) Secure foot With triangular bandage folded as cravat and tied
in same manner as for ctadling leg.

y Figure 54

LEG SPLINT . . . STEP 8

Figure 55

STEP 8.— PLACE PATIENT ON DRESSED LITTER (fig. 55)
(a) No. 2 and No. 3 kneel on side of patient nearest splinted leg; No. 1
kneels on opposite side. All men lean on knee nearest patient's feet. No. 1
places his hands under patient's back and thighs, while No. 2 places his
hand under patient's fractured leg, and No. 3 supports patient at shoulder

LEG SPLINT . . . STEP 8 [Cont.) AND STEP 9

Figure 55

and back. Then all three men raise patient together onto thighs of No.' 2
and No. 3.

[b] See page opposite. Nos. 2 and 3 men support patient on thighs while
No. 1 man places dressed litter in position. Then No. i man aids Nos. 2
and 3 in placing patient gently on litter, supporting patient with hands
in same positions as when lifting patient.

[c] Patient on litter. Note splint support is resting on litter several inches
from lower border of canvas.

STEP 9.— SECURE SPLINT
TO LITTER— WITH LITTER
BAR (fig. 56).

Litter bar placed in position with
groove under horizontal part of
splint support. Splint support
then placed in this groove and
locked there by turning handle of
cam. (Bar placed so that cam is
on same side as splinted leg.)

LEG SPLINT . . . STEP 10

STEP 10.— COVER PATIENT (fig. 57) Nos. 2 and 3 men fold third
blanket once lengthwise and place it on patient so that one edge is under
chin. They then bring up free edges of first two blankets, fold over third
blanket, and secure in place with safety pins.

Note. — Be sure to enclose patient's feet and lower end of splint.

ANKLE HITCH USING CRAVAT OR ROLLER BANDAGE

VAT OR ROLLER BANDAGE

(fig. 58) Used when traction strap is not available. (Cravat shown in
illustrations. )

(a) Hold cravat in one hand.
{b) Make loop.

{d) Loops completed, and about to be applied on foot, top loop going
over instep, next loop going, under instep, and third loop under heel.
[e) Loops applied.
(/) Apply traction using two ends.

ANKLE HITCH USING TWO CRAVATS

Figure 59

ANKLE HITCH USING TWO
CRAVATS (fig. 59) Used for
holding sprained ankle in fixed
position, and for securing traction
in cases of fracture of thigh or leg.

(a) Place center of cravat under
arch of shoe.

(b) Carry both ends back of foot,
crossing at back of ankle.

(d) Bring ends to front.

(e) Tie securely.

(/) Slip second cravat through
fold at instep of shoe.

ANKLE HITCH USING TWO CRAVATS {Com.) 55

Figure 59

(g) Fasten ends of second cravat, in square knot over attached end of
splint. Insert piece of wood in position for use as windlass.

(A) and {i) Traction obtained by twisting piece of wood. When trac-
tion is complete, secure windlass to splint.

SECURING SPLINT TO LITTER WITH ROLLER BANDAGE

ALTERNATE METHOD OF
SECURING SPLINT TO LIT-
TER WITH ROLLER BAND-
AGE TIE (fig. 60)

Note. — The carry strap is omitted
in all illustrations for sake of clarity.

{a) Secure end of bandage to lit-
ter support on same side as
splinted leg. Encircle handle of
litter close to canvas with two
turns and carry up to splint at
juncture of splint support. Se-
cure here with two turns of band-
age; then carry back and around
same handle encircling with two
turns, keeping bandage taut at all
times.

(6) Carry bandage under han-
dles to opposite handle of litter,
encircle twice, and secure to far
end of splint at juncture with
splint support. Secure with two
turns.

WIRE LADDER SPLINT

WIRE LADDER SPLINT (fig.
6i) Used for fractures of lower
portion of leg and for injuries and
fractures about the ankle and foot.

(a) Straight splint.

■ (b) Splint bent to fit.

(d) Second wire ladder splint
folded in U-shape and placed
in position. Padding inserted be-
tween injured limb and second
splint.

(e) Splinting completed by se-
curing both splints with roller
bandage, shown, or with cravats.

ARM SPLINT [Thomas, Hinged]

Figure 62

ARM SPLINT (THOMAS,
HINGED). APPLICATION
WITH ADHESIVE SKIN
TRACTION (fig. 62) Used for
fractures of the shaft of the hu-
merus (arm) and fractures in-
volving the elbow joint.

Note. — Once traction is initiated, it
is maintained until the splint is se-
cured.

(a) Thomas, hinged, arm splint.

{b) Ring slipped over wrist; No.
I initiates traction while No. 2
dresses wound.

{c) No. I maintains traction
while No. a applies two long
pieces of adhesive tape down each
side of arm and extending 6 to 7
inches beyond finger ends. No. 2
then applies spiral bandage cover-
ing tape and arm. A hitch must
never be used around the wrist.
[d) Splint seated in armpit, trac-
tion still maintained.

ARM SPLINT [Thomas, Hinged] {Cont.)

Figure 62

(e) Fold tape ends back on selves about 3 inches to form secure ends;
cut %-inch holes in each end; traction still maintained.
(/) Push bandage used as windlass through holes in ends of tape. (Il-
lustration shows method without the use of wood separator.)
{g), (h), and (i) Show method of anchoring tape ends with wood block
or roller bandage separator and bandage hitch.

ARM SPLINT [Thomas, Hinged] (Cont.)

Figure 62

{]) Arm supported in splint; No.
I still maintains traction. (Illus-
tration shows tape ends as in (/) .)

(k) Shows alternate hitch as
in (/).

(/) Splinting completed, wind-
lass applied, turned for complete
traction and secured. Manual
traction now released.

BOARD SPLINT FOR FRACTURE OF ARM {Humerus)

Figure 63

BOARD SPLINT FOR FRACTURE OF ARM (Humerus) (fig. 63)

(a) Two pieces of board used for splints. (Padding not shown for clar-
ity, but all splints must be padded.)

(b) Place pad in armpit to protect blood vessels and nerves from undue
pressure. Then place padded board between arm and chest wall.

{d) Secure padded boards in position with triangular bandages folded as

cravats, as shown, or with strips of roller bandage.

(e) Splinting completed, forearm placed in sling at wrist. .

CHEST WALL AS SPLINT BASSWOOD SPLINT

Figure 64

CHEST WALL AS SPLINT FOR FRACTURE OF ARM (Humerus)
(fig. 64)

(a) Place pad under arm against chest wall. Then fix arm to chest
wall, using triangular bandages folded as cravats (as shown), or with
strips of roller bandage.

[b) Splinting completed, forearm placed in sling at wrist.

BASSWOOD SPLINT FOR
FRACTURE OF FOREARM,
WRIST, OR HAND (fig. 65)
Place padded splints in position
shown and secure with triangu-
lar bandages folded as cravats (as
shown) or with roller bandages.
•Splinted arm placed in sling.
Note that level of hand is several
inches above level of elbow.
(Padding omitted in illustration
for clarity. )

Figure 65

IMPROVISED SPLINT AND SLINGS

STICK SPLINT FOR FRAC-
TURE OF FOREARM OR
WRIST (fig. 66) Padded sticks
are placed in position shown. Pro-
ceed as in previous illustration
making certain that sticks are
wide enough and are padded.
(Padding omitted in illustra-
tion for clarity.) I

figure bb

COAT FLAP USED AS SLING (fig. 67) Open all coat buttons ex-
cept top one, and bring front flap up over injured arm. Secure with
safetypin to coat at upper chest.

SHIRT TAIL USED AS SLING (fig. 68) Open lower three buttons
of shirt, and bring front shirt tail up over injured arm. Fold back edge
of shirt tail for about i or 2 inches and secure with safetypins to shirt at
upper chest.

Figure 67

Figure 68

IMMOBILIZING HEAD OF PATIENT WITH BROKEN NECK

IMMOBILIZING HEAD FOR TRANSPORTATION OF PATIENT

WITH BROKEN NECK (cervical fracture) (fig. 69)

(a) Soldier?s legging, laced with ends of laces out.

(6) Hold leggings, one in each hand, with laced sides up.

{d) Raise collar of shirt to protect neck; bend leggings and place around
neck with ankle notch under the chin.

BROKEN NECK {Cont.)

Figure 69

(e) and (/) Loop laces through
straps, anchor, and tie in front.

{g)y {h), and (i) Loop of lace
and strap.

(;) Apply bandage firmly over
leggings.

Note. — In cases where leggings are
not available, the same type of splint-
ing can be accomplished by care-
fully folding a shirt, field jacket, towel,
newspaper, etc., to the desired width
and then applying in a manner simi-
lar to the leggings.

TRANSPORTATrON OF PATfENT WITH FRACTURED SPINE

Figure 70

TRANSPORTATION OF PATIENT WITH FRACTURED SPINE
(fig. 70) No. I man ties hands of patient while litter is being dressed,
then places folded blanket on litter in position to support arch of patient's
back.

[a) Patient is lifted to litter. No. 2 man places hands under patient's
shoulders and controls head; No. 3 places hands under small of back and
buttocks; and No. 4 places hands under thighs and calves. All men lean
on knee nearest patient's feet and gently lift patient off the ground about
8 inches, then lean forward and lower him to litter.

( h ) Shows patient on litter.

LITTER SECURING STRAP

Figure 71

LITTER SECURING STRAP (fig. 71) Used where it is necessary to
secure patient to litter. Issued four per litter.

{a) and {b) Show method of tightening strap. Caution: Strap should
be taut, but not tight enough to be painful or restrict circulation.

(c) Shows four straps in place over blanket. The four straps may be
applied one across the chest, one across the waist, one across the thighs,
and one across the legs below the knees.

(d) Shows another method of using four straps.

Note. — Whenever litter securing straps are used, care must be taken that the
strap is so placed as not to interfere with whatever wounds may be present. If the
patient suffers a broken leg which has been splinted, straps are passed over only
the uninjured leg, since the litter bar will serve to hold the leg in position.

BALKAN FRAME

Figure 72 ' ,

BALKAN FRAME (fig. 72) Used for suspension and traction of the
extremities, or overhead support.

(a) One vertical support in place.

(b) Method of securing vertical support with clamps. Note butterfly
nuts are on outside of bed.

{d) Four vertical supports in place and two horizontal bars erected.
(e) Completed frame with side extension and trapeze bar.

Figure 72

BALKAN FRAME {Cont.)

{/) Clamp details.

BALKAN FRAME {Cont.)

Figure 72

(g) Bed, frame and patient — Army leg splint in traction.

(A) Bed, frame and patient — Army leg splint. Thigh in abduction.

BALKAN FRAME (Cont.)

Figure 72

(t) Bed, frame and patient — Fracture of upper extremity.

INDEX

Page

Anjffle hitch using cravat or roller

bandage ........ 53

Using two cravats . . . 54, 55

Arm, board splint for fracture of . 6i

Sling, triangular 8, g

Spiral reverse of 32

Splint (Thomas-hinged) . 58-60

Back, triangle of 10

Bandage, . plaster of paris ... 40

Bandages, roller ig

Anchoring 20

Fastening 2i

Making ig

Removing 2 1

Rules for bandaging with . . 19

Sizes . -19

Triangular and Cravat . . 3
Folding for storage and

shipment 18

Bandaging:

Basic material 2

Types of bandages .... 2

Balkan frame 68-72

Barton bandage 26

Chest or back, triangle of . . . lo

Chest wall used as splint .... 62

Clavicle, figure-of-eight of . . . 2g
Velpeau 30

Dressings 42, 43

Improvised 42

Elbow, cravat of 1 2

Figure-of-eight of .... 34
Front of, bandage . . . 32

Eye, crossed bandage of . . . 24, 25
Cravat of 6

Finger bandage 36

First-aid packet 43

Foot, figure-of-eight of, with heel

exposed 3g

Spica of 38

Triangle of 15

Forearm, figure-of-eight of . . . 31

Forehead or scalp, triangle of . . 7

Page

Fractures, splinting 44

Hand, complete bandage of . . 35

Cravat of palm of ... . 17

Demigauntlet . . , . . . . 34

Figure-of-eight of . . . . 31

Gauntlet 35

Triangle of i6

Head, recurrent bandfige of . 22, 23

Cravat of (or ear) .... 4

Triangle of forehead or scalp 7

Hip, triangle of 12

Jaw, bandage of 26

Cravat of 5

Four-tailed bandage of . . 27

Knee, cravat of 13

Leg, cravat of 14

Leg splint (army hinged, half-ring) 45

Litter securing strap 67

Neck, broken, immobilizing head of
patient with 64, 65

Nose, four-tailed bandage of . . 27

Oblique bandage 33

Scalp, triangle of forehead or . . 7

Shoulder, spica of . . ' 28

Triangle of 1 1

Shoulder-armpit, cravat of . . . 10

Sling, coat flap 63

Shirt tail 63

Triangular arm 8

Spine, fractured, transportation of

patient with 66

Spiral bandage 33

Splint, arm 62

Basswood ....... 62

Board . .' ' . 6i

Chest wall 62

Leg 45-52

Stick 63

Wire ladder 57

Splinting fractures . . . . . 44

Stump, recurrent bandage of . . 37

Velpeau bandage 30

0-564918

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